Iceland explores using lava in construction, with robots and no cement

A new idea by two Icelandic architects envisages using volcanic lava to build structures, employing robotics and advanced technologies.

The concept is inspired by Iceland’s ongoing volcanic activity and the large quantities of basalt produced during eruptions. According to the architects, lava could be used as a form of “molten concrete, but without cement” to create durable building materials with a potentially lower environmental impact.

Its processing could not be carried out by humans because of the extremely high temperatures. This task would be entrusted to robots, which would collect, move and shape the lava using, among other methods, 3D printing and cooling systems.

The project also aims to reduce dependence on cement and concrete, whose production is associated with significant CO₂ emissions. However, the proposal remains a long-term vision, as the architects estimate that this technology could become a reality around 2150.

The project represented Iceland at the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2025. If realised, it could transform volcanic eruptions from a natural hazard into a unique source of materials for the cities of the future.